Modern architecture: bridge for the dignity of popular housing in Colombia
This article is the result of the research advanced as a undergraduate alternative as a contribution to the APQUA hotbed of the PAME research group of the University of Boyacá. Modern architecture had a valuable participation in the process of dignification of popular housing in Colombia. Following...
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Universidad de Boyacá
2021
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| גישה מקוונת: | https://revistasdigitales.uniboyaca.edu.co/index.php/designia/article/view/616 |
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ojs-article-616 |
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Universidad de Boyacá |
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OJS |
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spa |
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Online |
| author |
Toro Ospina, Alexandra Alami Zambrano, Ana María |
| spellingShingle |
Toro Ospina, Alexandra Alami Zambrano, Ana María Modern architecture: bridge for the dignity of popular housing in Colombia |
| author_facet |
Toro Ospina, Alexandra Alami Zambrano, Ana María |
| author_sort |
Toro Ospina, Alexandra |
| title |
Modern architecture: bridge for the dignity of popular housing in Colombia |
| title_short |
Modern architecture: bridge for the dignity of popular housing in Colombia |
| title_full |
Modern architecture: bridge for the dignity of popular housing in Colombia |
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Modern architecture: bridge for the dignity of popular housing in Colombia |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Modern architecture: bridge for the dignity of popular housing in Colombia |
| title_sort |
modern architecture: bridge for the dignity of popular housing in colombia |
| description |
This article is the result of the research advanced as a undergraduate alternative as a contribution to the APQUA hotbed of the PAME research group of the University of Boyacá.
Modern architecture had a valuable participation in the process of dignification of popular housing in Colombia. Following the industrialization process that began in Colombia between the 1830s and 1850s (Major Mora, 2002), the problem of shortage and low housing quality for the popular sector intensified due to the migration of peasants to the city in search of job opportunities and high demand for labor. The Colombian State, before 1918, did not pay the required attention to this situation; precarious housing conditions and lack of hygiene directly affected families and the city.
In the course of the research, in research into modern architecture in Colombia and the development and evolution of popular housing, it was found that, initially, it was Catholic religious communities and charities that cared about such a daunting landscape and began housing construction with a participatory social scheme, together with the beneficiaries , with designs that responded to the basic parameters of modern architecture in terms of lighting, ventilation, spaciousness and flexibility of spaces; these were the first decent homes for popular classes in the country.
In the early 1920s, the government issued laws aimed at promoting the construction of popular housing under guidelines that applied modern basic parameters, which guaranteed the well-being of low-income families. These new housing projects were designed by Colombian architects who came to the country from Europe after finishing their studies there, influenced by the new trends of modern architecture. It was a time when the architect began to play a fundamental role in the development of Colombian cities.
The application of the concepts of modern architecture in popular buildings configured hygienic, comfortable, flexible and progressive spaces, providing a dignified home to the working class, a victim until then of the forgetfulness of the state, which for a long time ignored their needs and rights. The popular dwelling, built with economic materials and applying the principles of lighting, ventilation and spaciousness of spaces, gave new hope and improved the conditions of a social class affected by the housing deficit; this takes a 180-degree turn to the situation, because from this moment on, modern architecture is no longer exclusively for the upper classes, but becomes a solution for various problems of the middle and lower classes.
In the late 1960s, the state began to involve real estate companies in these popular housing projects, as it was expensive to design by renowned architects, who charged high sums of money for their work. In addition, budgets for these homes decreased, which discouraged many architects who wanted to generate quality, but for this it required a fair investment. In conclusion, that quality of popular housing that had been achieved thanks to the application of the parameters of modern architecture during the first half of the twentieth century, began to decrease progressively, gradually losing the achievements achieved.
What happened in later years was the path to the current critical situation presented by housing of social interest. Since the creation of the National Housing System of Social Interest in 1991, composed of public and private entities, the family housing allowance was established, which meant a substantial change in the role of the State in solving the popular housing problem, since it went from being a promoter, to simply a market facilitator.
The research envisages a comparison between popular housing influenced by modern architecture and today’s social housing. Currently, housing regulations of social interest focus on the requirement of minimum dimensions of spaces with a defined destination; fundamental aspects of decent housing such as spatiality and indoor free areas, lighting and ventilation, landscape treatment in developments, communal facilities, access to public transport, among others, are no longer taken into account. What should be a right is now a privilege that, unfortunately, most people “benefited” with Social Interest Housing do not have. |
| publisher |
Universidad de Boyacá |
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2021 |
| url |
https://revistasdigitales.uniboyaca.edu.co/index.php/designia/article/view/616 |
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ojs-article-6162021-03-30T02:09:39Z Modern architecture: bridge for the dignity of popular housing in Colombia Arquitectura moderna: puente para la dignidad de la vivienda popular en Colombia Toro Ospina, Alexandra Alami Zambrano, Ana María Modern Architecture Popular Housing Worthy Housing Arquitectura Moderna Vivienda Popular Vivienda Digna This article is the result of the research advanced as a undergraduate alternative as a contribution to the APQUA hotbed of the PAME research group of the University of Boyacá. Modern architecture had a valuable participation in the process of dignification of popular housing in Colombia. Following the industrialization process that began in Colombia between the 1830s and 1850s (Major Mora, 2002), the problem of shortage and low housing quality for the popular sector intensified due to the migration of peasants to the city in search of job opportunities and high demand for labor. The Colombian State, before 1918, did not pay the required attention to this situation; precarious housing conditions and lack of hygiene directly affected families and the city. In the course of the research, in research into modern architecture in Colombia and the development and evolution of popular housing, it was found that, initially, it was Catholic religious communities and charities that cared about such a daunting landscape and began housing construction with a participatory social scheme, together with the beneficiaries , with designs that responded to the basic parameters of modern architecture in terms of lighting, ventilation, spaciousness and flexibility of spaces; these were the first decent homes for popular classes in the country. In the early 1920s, the government issued laws aimed at promoting the construction of popular housing under guidelines that applied modern basic parameters, which guaranteed the well-being of low-income families. These new housing projects were designed by Colombian architects who came to the country from Europe after finishing their studies there, influenced by the new trends of modern architecture. It was a time when the architect began to play a fundamental role in the development of Colombian cities. The application of the concepts of modern architecture in popular buildings configured hygienic, comfortable, flexible and progressive spaces, providing a dignified home to the working class, a victim until then of the forgetfulness of the state, which for a long time ignored their needs and rights. The popular dwelling, built with economic materials and applying the principles of lighting, ventilation and spaciousness of spaces, gave new hope and improved the conditions of a social class affected by the housing deficit; this takes a 180-degree turn to the situation, because from this moment on, modern architecture is no longer exclusively for the upper classes, but becomes a solution for various problems of the middle and lower classes. In the late 1960s, the state began to involve real estate companies in these popular housing projects, as it was expensive to design by renowned architects, who charged high sums of money for their work. In addition, budgets for these homes decreased, which discouraged many architects who wanted to generate quality, but for this it required a fair investment. In conclusion, that quality of popular housing that had been achieved thanks to the application of the parameters of modern architecture during the first half of the twentieth century, began to decrease progressively, gradually losing the achievements achieved. What happened in later years was the path to the current critical situation presented by housing of social interest. Since the creation of the National Housing System of Social Interest in 1991, composed of public and private entities, the family housing allowance was established, which meant a substantial change in the role of the State in solving the popular housing problem, since it went from being a promoter, to simply a market facilitator. The research envisages a comparison between popular housing influenced by modern architecture and today’s social housing. Currently, housing regulations of social interest focus on the requirement of minimum dimensions of spaces with a defined destination; fundamental aspects of decent housing such as spatiality and indoor free areas, lighting and ventilation, landscape treatment in developments, communal facilities, access to public transport, among others, are no longer taken into account. What should be a right is now a privilege that, unfortunately, most people “benefited” with Social Interest Housing do not have. El presente artículo es resultado de la investigación adelantada como alternativa de grado como aporte al semillero de APQUA del grupo de investigación PAME de la Universidad de Boyacá. La arquitectura moderna tuvo una valiosa participación dentro del proceso de dignificación de la vivienda popular en Colombia. A raíz de la industrialización del país entre las décadas de 1830 y 1850 (Mayor Mora, 2002), el problema de escasez y baja calidad de la vivienda para el sector popular se intensificó debido a la migración de campesinos a la ciudad en busca de oportunidades laborales y a la alta demanda de mano de obra. Hasta antes de 1918, el Estado colombiano no prestó la atención requerida a esta situación; las condiciones precarias de las viviendas y la carencia de higiene afectaban directamente a las familias y a la ciudad En el transcurso de la investigación, al indagar sobre la arquitectura moderna en Colombia y sobre el desarrollo y evolución de la vivienda popular, se encontró que, inicialmente, fueron las comunidades religiosas católicas y las entidades de beneficencia las que se preocuparon ante el desalentador panorama, por lo que comenzaron las construcción de viviendas con un esquema social participativo, de manera conjunta con los beneficiados, con diseños que respondían a los parámetros básicos de la arquitectura moderna en cuanto a iluminación, ventilación, amplitud y flexibilidad de los espacios; estas fueron las primeras viviendas dignas para clases populares en el país. A inicios de la década de 1920, el Gobierno expidió leyes tendientes a promover la construcción de vivienda popular bajo lineamientos que aplicaban los parámetros básicos modernos, los cuales garantizaban el bienestar de las familias de ingresos bajos. Estos nuevos proyectos de vivienda fueron diseñados por arquitectos colombianos llegados al país desde Europa después de terminar allí sus estudios, influenciados por las nuevas tendencias de la arquitectura moderna. Fue un momento en el que el arquitecto comenzó a tener un rol fundamental en el desarrollo de las ciudades colombianas. La aplicación de los conceptos de la arquitectura moderna en construcciones populares dio como resultado espacios higiénicos, confortables, flexibles y progresivos, brindando una vivienda digna a la clase obrera, víctima hasta entonces del olvido del Estado, que por mucho tiempo pasó por alto sus necesidades y derechos. La vivienda popular, construida con materiales económicos y aplicando los principios de iluminación, ventilación y amplitud de espacios, dio nueva esperanza y mejoró las condiciones de una clase social afectada por el déficit de vivienda; esto da un giro de 180° a la situación, pues a partir de este momento, la arquitectura moderna ya no es exclusivamente para clases altas, sino que se convierte en una solución para diversas problemáticas de las clases media y baja. A finales de la década de 1960, el Estado empezó a involucrar compañías inmobiliarias en estos proyectos de vivienda popular, al resultarle costoso su diseño por parte de arquitectos reconocidos, que cobraban altas sumas de dinero por su trabajo. Adicionalmente, los presupuestos para estas viviendas disminuyeron, lo cual desalentó a muchos arquitectos que querían generar calidad, pero para ello se requería de una inversión justa. En conclusión, aquella calidad de las viviendas populares que se había alcanzado gracias a la aplicación de los parámetros de la arquitectura moderna durante la primera mitad del siglo XX, comenzó a disminuir progresivamente, perdiéndose poco a poco los logros alcanzados. Lo que ocurrió en años posteriores fue el camino a la crítica situación actual que presenta la vivienda de interés social. A partir de la creación del Sistema Nacional de Vivienda de Interés Social en 1991, integrado por entidades públicas y privadas, se estableció el subsidio familiar de vivienda, lo que significó un cambio sustancial en el papel del Estado en la solución de la problemática de vivienda popular, pues pasó de ser promotor, a ser simplemente un facilitador del mercado. La investigación contempla una comparación entre la vivienda popular influida por la arquitectura moderna y la vivienda de interés social de hoy. Actualmente, las normativas sobre vivienda de interés social se centran en la exigencia de dimensiones mínimas de los espacios con una destinación definida; dado que la norma no contempla aspectos fundamentales de una vivienda digna como la espacialidad y las áreas libres interiores, la iluminación y ventilación, el tratamiento paisajístico en las urbanizaciones, los equipamientos comunales, el acceso a transporte público, entre otros, estos aspectos no son ya tenidos en cuenta en los diseños. Lo que debería ser un derecho, ahora es un privilegio que, lamentablemente, la mayoría de las personas “beneficiadas” con Viviendas de Interés Social, no tienen. Universidad de Boyacá 2021-03-29 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Artículo revisado por pares application/pdf https://revistasdigitales.uniboyaca.edu.co/index.php/designia/article/view/616 10.24267/22564004.616 Designia; Vol. 8 No. 1 (2020): Revista Designia | Julio - Diciembre 2020; 143-159 Designia; Vol. 8 Núm. 1 (2020): Revista Designia | Julio - Diciembre 2020; 143-159 2539-147X 2256-4004 spa https://revistasdigitales.uniboyaca.edu.co/index.php/designia/article/view/616/554 Derechos de autor 2021 Designia |